Wasted Lives by Sacha Buisman (MSc student doing an internship in Chiapas)

The last week I spent my time mostly in the dark, at the International Filmfestival in San Cristóbal de Las Casas in Chiapas, Mexico, where I am for my internship. The movies and documentaries seem to have a common underlying theme: the disappearance of Mexicans (and many others) and the involvement of the State in this process. ???????????????????????????????La hora de la siesta (2009) tells the story of the ABC Daycare in Hermosillo, that burned down on the 5th of June 2009. 49 Children died during the fire while they were taking a nap. The State Finance Department was directly responsible for the safety of the building. Retratos de una búsqueda (2014) tells the story of mothers looking for their sons and daughters that got lost in the Mexican narco war. A war that the government started in 2006 under the presidency of Calderón to control the drug trafficking. The Human Right Watch[1] estimates the number of disappearances around 26.000. Mention that this is the number of people missing, the number of killed Mexicans in this ‘war’ is three times higher. Llévate mis amores (2014) is a beautiful documentary that shows the people that try to cross Mexico by hitching on the roof of a cargo train, nicknamed ‘La Bestia’ or ‘the train of the unknowns and dead’. Their wish is to reach The United States where they hope to find a better future for themselves and their families that stayed behind in poverty. Official records of Amnesty International state that thousands of migrantes are ‘lost’ every year during this journey[2] .The federal police and the drug gangs, who have close ties with the government, can be held responsible for the majority of these losses. The 43 students from the State of Guerrero that were kidnapped on the 26th of September 2014, can be added to this endless list. Quite a big chance that there will be a documentary on this disappearance during the next edition of this filmfestival in San Cristóbal de Las Casas. I guess this is what Zygmunt Bauman calls ‘wasted lives’ (2004). People are hidden away, they suddenly disappear and are dumped in sewages. The people in charge decides which lives are to be wasted and which lives are not. What makes these documentaries so beautiful is that they all give meaning to these lives by making them visible. In doing so, they break away from the image of wasted and anonymous lives that the authorities prefer to establish. Las madres de la Plaza de Mayo (1985) shows the movement of the mothers of the children that disappeared during the military dictatorship of Videla between 1976 en 1981 in Argentina. These women come together every Thursday to walk on the most famous square in Buenos Aires, wearing white scarfs around their head and carrying a picture of their loved one in front of their chest. Every single Thursday since 1977. In Llévate mis amores the focus is not on the ‘wasted lives’ that try to cross the border but on the people caring for them. The documentary tells the story of a group of women from La Patrona, a village in the State of Veracruz,  who prepare around 200 meals every day to give to the women and men that try to reach The United States. Traveling on ‘La tren de muerte’, they try to get a better future for their families back home in Honduras, Guatamala, El Salvador, Mexico and other parts of Latin America. When the train passes through their village, Las Patronas stand next to the tracks, reaching their hands out with bags of food and bottles of water. The migrantes, hanging on the sides of the speeding train, grab the bags out of the womens hands while screaming words of appreciation and admiration for their work, care and love. One mother in Retratos de una búsqueda explains to an police official that they are not looking for  lost dogs, the mothers are on a hunger strike to ask attention for her lost children. Wasted lives are seen as lost dogs. The (bodily) protest seems to be the only weapon that the weak have. By camping and protesting in front of the Federal Police Office they claim the public space in order to make themselves visible and heard. Yesterday there was a group of men delivering a speech on the the central square in San Critóbal, asking the audience what they had to do to be heard. They suggested to go after the sons of the police chiefs, the political leaders and the people in power and personally kill them. Wasting the lives of the people that are not accepted to be wasted in order to get attention for their cases. Only later I heard that they were the fathers of the 43 killed students from Guerrero. My housemate works at a day center for street children in the city. The biggest dream for the children is to jump on the train heading to Estados Unidos. The train that will take them out of poverty, crime and violation. A dream in the minds and hearts of the children that you pass by on the street after seeing these documentaries from a comfortable theater seat. Still in shock by the number of ‘lost’ lives on the railroad-tracks heading to the North. All these documentaries tell the stories of the present situation in Mexico. Protests expressed in graffiti on the walls everywhere in San Cristóbal will be covered up with yet another layer of paint, done by municipality workers in the darkness of the night. The next week there will be writings again on the white painted walls: ‘Vivos los llevaron, vivos los queremos!’ and ‘Nos valtan 43’(‘Alive they took them, alive we want them back’ and ‘we are missing 43’). How long can voices not be heard or listened to? According to my housemate, Mexico will explode sooner or later. It will be the only way to make voices heard and invisible lives visible. I would like to hold the belief that as long as the people who care for lives outnumber the people that think some lives are to be wasted, there is a way to change this current situation in Mexico, and the rest of the world. At least it is a thought that could help me out of the darkness that I have been sitting in this week.

Sacha Buisman, a MSc student at RSO, is doing her internship at the Institute for Indigenous Studies at the Autonomous University of Chiapas in Mexico. She participates in the development of the courses ‘Culture, Society and Education’, ‘Urban Studies, Population Movements and Cultural Change’, and ‘Household Farming’.

[1]Mexico drug war fast facts http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/02/world/americas/mexico-drug-war-fast-facts/ 20/01/2015

[2]Invisible victims: migrants on the move in Mexico: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR41/014/2010/en/8459f0ac-03ce-4302-8bd2-3305bdae9cde/amr410142010eng.pdf 20/01/2015

RSO Organized PhD Course: Spatial thinking in the social sciences

RSO is organizing a course for PhD students. This course “new perspectives on the urban and the rural: spatial thinking in the social sciences ” is meant for PhD students in the social, environmental and political sciences. In the course we will switch between close reading of texts, workshops, and discussion. Students following this course will not only learn to think about place as an analytical category, but also learn to ‘work with place’ by applying various perspectives to concrete cases. The course will also give ample attention to the question how to develop research methodology.

Social sciences have gained a renewed interest in space and place. Acknowledging that through activities and practices people are linked into broad geographical fields, the times are gone that we could assume a city, a village, a park or the nation-state as discrete entities. The emergence of the concept of the city-region, focusing on relations stretching out, connectivity and fuzzy borders, is just one illustration of the way spatial thinking entered the social sciences. Disciplinary vocabularies too get blurred: the concept of gentrification travelled from urban to rural and nature studies (today we can find contributions on rural gentrification and the gentrification of nature), and agriculture, once banned from the city, has become a welcome partner of the urban again (exemplified in the studies on urban agriculture).

Central to the course is a relational analysis, in which we look at the production of place and space in and through social practices. This includes the lived experience, the many ways in which people, consciously or not, are engaged in place making activities through the things they do as consumer, farmer or citizen. Another angle is to look at place/space making from the perspective of what we may call‘processes of abstraction’. This refers to the ‘logics’ imposed by markets and bureaucracies and may include processes of commodification and identity-politics. This course will also deal with questions of methodology: how to apply the spatial turn in social sciences in research?

For more info: http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/Education-Programmes/PhD-Programme/Graduate-Schools/Wageningen-School-of-Social-Sciences/Courses/Show/WASS-PhD-course-New-perspectives-on-the-urban-and-the-rural-spatial-thinking-in-the-social-sciences.htm

RSO Internship in Ecuador/Amazon on cocoa/sustainable livelihood

Heavy hunting pressure to supply up to 10 tonnes of wild meat every year to Ecuador’s largest wild meat market in Pompeya has led to the rapid depletion of all the large animal populations found in the nearby Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, a region consisting of more than one million hectares of rainforest in the Ecuadorian Amazon, with one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Such exploitation places at risk the food security and livelihoods of the local 3000-strong Waorani people, an indigenous group living within the Reserve, who are committed to making efforts to conserve their resources, culture and way of life. Conservation of the region’s dwindling resources is therefore of the utmost urgency.

To this end, the project “Strengthening Biodiversity Conservation and Management in Waorani Territory: creating sustainable economic alternatives for diminishing wildlife trade” was initiated by TRAFFIC and the Association of Waorani Women of Ecuador (AMWAE) in 2010 that aimed to identify economic alternatives that would replace incomes generated from the sale of increasingly overexploited wild meat resources and maintain the variety of wild animals and plants that live in this region. TRAFFIC worked with some nine Waorani communities to devise strategies that would have multiple positive environmental and social impacts, not only to improve livelihoods and enhance food security, but also to promote sustainable use, empower women, offer job/income opportunities and increase territorial stewardship and economic integration.

TRAFFIC ARTICLE ON WAO CHOCOLATE jpg 2

A package of economic practices, the project says, has served to reduce the unsustainable use of resources while preserving and reinforcing the identity of an indigenous group and its cultural values, which too often in the region have been eroded or lost. In South America, traditional approaches for regulating the wild meat trade have been dominated by interventions which prioritize enforcement and control systems. The innovative initiatives described here, which are directly benefiting some 660 Waorani people. It demonstrates, according to the project, that, in the context of such high biodiversity, poverty and lack of institutional capacity to deal with illegality, implementing innovative sustainable economic alternatives, while simultaneously developing enforcement strategies, is the most viable way to reduce illegal wildlife trade and address resource depletion. Further, one of the key achievements of the project has been the empowerment and participation of the Waorani women in important decision-making processes such that they now command strong and prestigious roles which has been critical in revitalizing these communities.

One of the economic alternatives identified was the planting of cocoa trees to produce ingredients for top quality chocolate, which would not only provide a sustainable source of income but also raise the social profile of the Waorani.

Internship/thesis will be in one of the following fields

a) Organic production methods and certification
b) New economic activities and food/place security
c) Socio-economic and livelihood analyses of new economic activities

We are looking for students with knowledge in one or more of the following areas: organic agriculture, certification, rural sociology and sociology of food systems.

For more information contact Els Hegger (els.hegger@wur.nl) of Joost Jongerden (joost.jongerden@wur.nl)

MSc Thesis on return-migration in Turkey-Kurdistan

The destruction and burning of thousands of rural settlements and the forced migration of hundred thousands, if not millions of (mostly) Kurdish villagers is one of the most painful and pressing issues in Turkey. Though the evacuations date back to the end of the 1980s, the issue has left a heavy legacy, socially, politically, and economically.

Over the last years, many thousands of people returned to their villages. Yet little is known about who returns and when and how livelihoods are rebuild . The evidence there is suggests that not all segments of the population return in equal proportions and that young men and young families in particular are underrepresented among the returnees. Furthermore, it transpires that people do not exchange their urban accommodation for a rural one; instead, it appears that what may be identified as dual or extended settlement patterns emerge. Apparently, there is not only no coming back to an earlier condition, but rather the development of new ways of organizing living and working space.

For those attempting return, there are new problems, livelihood difficulties that they did not have to face prior to their evacuation. Clearly, re-establishment as a peasant is difficult because most of the displaced have to start from scratch: they arrive back to find their fields and houses ruined. Furthermore, community facilities and services like health care and education facilities and water and electricity supplies were similarly destroyed or fell into disrepair or just remained unsupplied. Neo-liberal policies are said to have negatively impacted returnees by undermining their ability to make a living from agriculture.

At the Rural Sociology group and in collaboration with partners in Turkey we would like to look at return migration from several perspectives. Therefore, we are looking for (two or three) students who are interested in doing a MSc thesis, looking at the (gendered) demography of return, the rebuilding of livelihood and multi-place settlement patterns and spatial mobility.

Does one of these issues make you curious and/or do you have an interest in one or more of the research themes mentioned above, please contact Joost Jongerden at joost.jongerden@wur.nl

New course: CPT-54306 Geopolitics and strategic communication – serious gaming

NEW COURSE: Geopolitics and Strategic Communication – Serious gaming, serious theory, serious reflection CPT-54306 – period 4

geopoliticsThis course engages students with theories on interpersonal relations and strategic communication in the context of geopolitics. It addresses the dynamics of negotiation processes and the verbal and non-verbal ways to influence, persuade or even manipulate other people. Students will discuss and experience the importance of different aspects like trust, framing, persuasion, power-relations. These aspects play a pivotal role in negotiation and decision-making processes and are studied in a wide variety of disciplines such as policymaking, planning, communication, and international development. The course combines theoretical and experimental learning. Learning processes are enhanced through serious gaming and conscious reflections upon theory and practice. During the course knowledge about theories, concepts and different methods for observation, analysis and reflection will be provided through (guest)lectures and reading materials. Serious gaming will be used to link theoretical reflections and observation skills with practicing persuasive and negotiation skills. Playing the game Diplomacy will allow the students to engage with the students with the real practices of geopolitics and strategic communication. As the developer of the game stated, ‘‘The notion that a player may tell all the lies he wants and cross people as he pleases etc., make some people almost euphoric and causes others to “shake like a leaf”, as one new player put it, came up almost incidentally, because it was the most realistic in international affairs and also far and away the most workable approach’’ (Calhamer, 1993).

After successful completion of this course you are able to:

  • Demonstrate knowledge of theoretical concepts for understanding interpersonal relations
  • Reflect upon geo-politics and strategic communication
  • Understand and apply strategies influencing negotiation processes
  • Be strong like a lion and cunning like a fox

More information :

Raoul.beunen@wur.nl