Stadslandbouw in perspectief – Tilburg als voorbeeld

Cover Zelfvoorzienend TilburgEen groep studenten van Wageningen Universiteit heeft in opdracht van de Brabantse Milieufederatie een kort onderzoek uitgevoerd naar de mogelijkheden om het aantal voedselkilometers in de gemeente Tilburg te reduceren. Dit onderzoek is een vervolg op een eerdere verkenning van een andere groep Wageningse studenten naar voedselconsumptie in Tilburg, waarover ik op 24 april een blog schreef. De effecten van het toepassen van volkstuinen in de gemeente en de huidige voedselconsumptie van inwoners zijn hierin onderzocht. De afgelopen weken heb ik deze groep begeleid. Het rapport dat zij hebben gemaakt n.a.v. hun onderzoek is via deze link te downloaden. De belangrijkste uitkomsten van hun onderzoek zijn samengevat in de vorm van een persbericht:

Duizenden inwoners van de gemeente Tilburg kunnen worden voorzien in de jaarlijkse behoefte aan groenten en fruit door het aanleggen van volkstuinen in verschillende woonwijken. Door grasvelden rondom flatgebouwen en andere gebouwen te gebruiken als volkstuin zijn de bewoners in staat, dichtbij huis hun eigen (biologische) voedsel te verbouwen.

Voedselkilometers, het aantal kilometers afgelegd door voedsel, zijn in de gemeente Tilburg onnodig hoog. Aardappelen, appels, tomaten en melk worden buiten de grenzen van de gemeente gehaald. De CO2 uitstoot van het geconsumeerde voedsel is derhalve zeer groot. Door een tekort aan land- en tuinbouwgrond in de gemeente Tilburg is het echter niet mogelijk om in de toekomst in de gehele consumptie van de bewoners van de gemeente Tilburg te voorzien. Het vergroten van de mate van zelfvoorziening door een aanpassing van de benutting van de land- en tuinbouwgrond en het uitgeven van extra grond voor de verbouwing van aardappelen, groente en fruit, verkleint de CO2 uitstoot aanzienlijk.

 “Urban agriculture”, het verbouwen van aardappelen, groente en fruit binnen de grenzen van de stedelijke omgeving kan toegepast worden voor het verminderen van het tekort aan land- en tuinbouwgrond. De gemeente Tilburg beschikt binnen de stad over een groot aantal hectare grond geschikt voor de verbouwing van aardappelen, groente en fruit op volkstuinen.

Grasvelden en platte daken in woonwijken kunnen worden toegepast voor de verbouwing van aardappelen, groente en fruit. Buurtbewoners zijn hierdoor in staat om lokaal verbouwde producten te consumeren en de CO2 uitstoot aanzienlijk te verminderen. In totaal kunnen ruim 5100 bewoners jaarlijks worden voorzien in de voedselconsumptie van aardappelen, groente en fruit door het toepassen volkstuinen in woonwijken. Dit is meer dan zes keer de stadsschouwburg Tilburg vol.

Foodprint Sitopia

Foodprint logoOn Monday 3 November Stroom Den Haag (an independent centre focusing on the urban environment from the visual arts, architecture, urban planning and design) organized a small workshop as part of its program entitled ‘Foodprint – food for the city”. Foodprint takes place over the course of several years and focuses on the influence food can have on the culture, shape and functioning of the city, using The Hague as a case study. With a series of activities Stroom aims to increase people’s awareness of the value of food and to give new life to the way we view the relationship between food and the city.

The Hungry CityThe Foodprint program commenced on 25 March 2009 with a lecture by Carolyn Steel, author of the book “The Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives“. In this book she gives a beautiful account of the role of food in shaping urban development. In a nutshell she shows that the size and shape of cities were directly related to the amount and kinds of food that the rural hinterland could provide. For a long time this implied that there was a food provision related barrier to urban growth. However, with the introduction of modern production, transportation, processing, preservation and storage technologies, global agriculture became the city’s hinterland and thus the ‘natural barrier’ to urban growth disappeared. According to Carolyn Steel on her blog:

“One important consequence of this was that urban authorities began to loosen their grip on the food supply, relying more and more on commercial companies to feed the urban population. That might have seemed a good idea at the time, but the result today is that we are totally reliant on trans-national corporations to feed us, who have no civic responsibility and no interests at heart other than making money. That puts them in an extremely powerful position – especially when you consider how difficult it is to feed cities as large as those we now live in.”

Carolyn Steel shows, like others have done as well from complementary and partly overlapping perspectives (e.g. Tim Lang, Michael Pollan, James Howard Kunstler), that most contemporary urban dwellers have become disconnected from and ignorant about food provision and are too a large extent, if not completely, dependent on a global industrialized food provisioning system that is intrinsically unsustainable.

The Hungry City ends with a chapter about the future, in which the author asks how we can use food as a tool for re-thinking cities and the way we live in them. For this, she introduces the term Sitopia (a word based on a combination of the Greek words Sitos, meaning food, and Topos, meaning place, hence food-place):

“The world is already shaped by food, so we may as well start using food to shape the world more positively.”

At the workshop we (i.e. Carolyn Steel, people working at Stroom Den Haag, scientists of different universities, architects, etc…) mainly discussed ideas and exchanged information about ongoing activities that are in one way or the other related to the notion of Sitopia. For me it was very interesting to exchange visions and experiences with disciplines (in particular visual arts and architecture) I normally do not interact with in education or research. And there was a shared desire to find ways to really collaborate, for instance by participating in each other’s projects. Although no concrete future plans were made, I do believe that workshops like this as well as the sustainable food planning conference I organized a month ago are the seeds of new interdisciplinary networks focusing on sustainable urban/regional foodscapes.

To learn more about Carolyn Steel’s vision on food and the city, I highly recommend her recent talk at the TED conference in Oxford.

Transition towns start with food

A few weeks ago I watched the film A Farm for the Future where Rebecca Hosking investigates how to transform her family’s farm in Devon into a low energy farm for the future. One of the answers she finds is based on permaculture, a permanent and high-yielding agricultural system that minimises land use which was first developed in Australia in the 1970s. The film has been shown on the BBC and can be viewed through this link.

This was the second film evening to raise awareness about climate change and peak oil organised by the Transition Town Vallei group. Using open space methods, we collected ourselves in small groups afterwards to discuss topics of interest. One such topic was local food, a group which I joined. Not surprisingly perhaps, all nine of us already grow vegetables in allotment gardens. Equally unsurprising for Wageningen was the overrepresentation of ex-(tropical)forestry students and a strong interest in permaculture. It turned out that one of the participants had a longstanding idea to turn a piece of overgrown public green into an edible community forest. A very concrete idea for what may become a first Transition Town project.

Food is a starting point for most Transition Town initiatives it turns out. Food projects of other Transition Towns include fruit and nut tree-planting schemes; garden-share projects; restaurant-led projects to promote sustainable fishery; seed and plant swapping; awareness raising projects through local schools and allotment associations. Again hardly surprising, food appeals “as an exemplar of how basic needs can be liberated from oil dependency” (Bailey, Hopkins & Wilson in Geoforum in press p7)

Resistance and Autonomy in Western Mexico – local actors creating a place of their own

 By Peter R.W. Gerritsen, Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, South Coast University Centre, University of Guadalajara, Av. Independencia Nacional 151, 48900, Autlán, Jal., Mexico. Email: petergerritsen@cucsur.udg.mx

 The local effects of global processes in the Mexican countryside are well documented; describing problems related to the quality of rural producers’ life, identity and traditional practices, as well as their resource management practices. Alike initiatives all over the world,  also in western Mexico local actors joined forces to counter these problems and created ‘a place of their own’ in a globalised world, a place for their own wellbeing.

RASA - Peter Gerritsen

In the state of Jalisco, located in western Mexico, 20 groups of peasants and indigenous farmers, supported by professionals from non-governmental organizations and local universities, joined forces in 1999 and created the Red de Alternativas Sustentables Agropecuarias (RASA: the Network for Sustainable Agricultural Alternatives). As such, the RASA can be considered an umbrella organization for many local organized producer groups.

The RASA is also a social organization with characteristics of the so-called new social movements. New social movements have emerged since the late 1970s in the Mexican countryside, due to the problems created by global processes. The struggles that have led to their emergence originate from the demand to defend local structures and to remain control over the different domains of daily life. As such, these movements stress the need for endogenous development approaches. Closely related to the issue of specific life styles is the defense of the territory, being the place of local identity formation. It is also here, where innovative forms of resource management have emerged.

RASA 2 PGThe RASA´s main objective is strengthening a development model that aims to mitigate the local impacts of global processes and that permits the transition towards sustainable local development. In practice, the RASA organizes workshops on organic agriculture and fair trade, and organizes farmer-to-farmer meetings for sharing experiences (including political discussions on the countryside). These activities take place in the rural and peri-urban areas of Jalisco. The RASA also designs and implements new fair trade-channels, mainly in the metropolitan area of the Jalisco state capital Guadalajara. As such, the RASA´s actions are also directed at urban consumers. Finally, articulation with other social movements is actively sought for. Thus, the RASA seeks to create new room for maneuver by establishing strategic alliances with different societal actors.

The creation of local transition paths towards sustainable development, such as promoted by the RASA, is related to the issues of agency and power. These, in turn, are (often) related to resistance and autonomy. Both elements are also recognizable in the RASA experience.

To start with, the RASA has created its own socio-political space in the Jalisco countryside, which has permitted to resist to and counter the dominant rural development model in Mexico and in Jalisco that follows global tendencies. However, the RASA´s efforts must be understood as heterogeneous in nature; not all groups are involved in fair trade, but only those with a production surplus. Moreover, some groups focus more on basic grain production, while others cultivate horticultural crops. Furthermore, the RASA emerged outside the realm of governmental intervention in rural areas. In fact, it has been systematically neglected by formal institutions, as the RASA has been considered a threat to the established formal – historically-determined – political spaces in the rural arenas. Moreover, within the rural communities the RASA-members are perceived as outsiders. In this sense, the RASA conceptual approach has permitted strengthening their self-consciousness and self-organization, as well as improving their position in their communities. It has also led to the dimension of autonomy in the sustainable development model, as designed and implemented by the RASA.

Sustainable Food Planning Conference

De KemphaanIn her recent blog, Petra already reflected on the Sustainable Food Planning Conference that was held in Almere (at De Kemphaan) on 9 and 10 October. My personal impression is that it was a very successful kick-off of the AESOP thematic group on sustainable food planning. In addition to lots of interesting presentations, there were interesting discussions and the strong will and desire among the participants to continue collaboration. One of the ways to continue collaboration is by means of an annual conference. Another is to create an electronic platform to facilitate exchange of experiences, examples, articles, reports, etc… Soon we will launch such a platform by means of a weblog similar to this one. For the time being, this post provides the links to the dowloads of the presentations and the discussion.

De Kemphaan, 9 and 10 October 2009, Almere, The Netherlands

The program
The participants
Presentation 1 Mr. Henk Mulder Including food and agriculture in urban planning: The Almere approach
Presentation 2 Prof. Han Wiskerke An integrated and territorial perspective on food studies, policy and planning
Presentation 3 Mr. Henk de Zeeuw Feeding the city: Practices, challenges and lessons from developing countries
Presentation 4 Prof. Gianluca Brunori Reconnecting consumers and producers: Dynamics, diversity and potentials of alternative food networks
Presentation 5 Dr Roberta Sonnino Urban food and public spaces: Planning for security and sustainability
Presentation 6 Dr Marin Caraher Food and the city: The links between food, public health and sustainable urban development
Presentation 7 Mrs. Lenie Dwarshuis Food and agriculture in Europe’s peri-urban regions
Presentation 8 Dr. Nevin Cohen The practice of food planning in New York City
Presentation 9 Mr. Bart Pijnenburg, MSc Amsterdam’s food strategy (“Proeftuin Amsterdam”)
Presentation 10 Prof. Jerry Kaufman Including food in planning studies and planning practices: Experiences from the USA
Report of the discussion