Citizens and animal farming… an ongoing debate…

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Over the last years I’ve been studying the socio-cultural sustainability of animal farming by looking at citizen perceptions in the Netherlands, Norway and Denmark of  two farming systems; dairy and pig production (see former blogs). The debate is ongoing and I am happy to see that an increasing number of researchers are actively involved in this field.

However,  I’ll be moving into another – also very interesting – field… also animal farming… also sustainability, but this time in Mozambique and smallholder goat production.  Hence, this is my final blog for Rural Sociology. From the 15th of June I’ll be working as post doctoral researcher for the International Livestock Research Institute (www.ilri.org) in Africa and India.

For those of you interested in the field of citizens and animal farming in Western societies,  below is a list of my publications, including two recently published papers. One paper includes the results of pig farm visits (see former blog), the other is a very compact review paper of my PhD thesis, only 9 pages…. Two other papers are published in open access journals, so I’ve included the link to the full paper for you. You’re free to use them (with correct reference of course) 🙂  

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Gracious Empowerment?

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By Alexandra Rijke

Minor Thesis
Title: Gracious Empowerment? Evaluating the impact the GRACE-network project had on the empowerment of female university students in their stance against Gender-Based Violence.

This minor thesis (click here for the complete thesis) is part of the Research Master International Development Studies at the Wageningen University and Research Centre. The objective of this minor thesis was to evaluate the GRACE-network project. This project was conducted in Irbid, Jordan. The aim of the GRACE-network project was to investigate how ICTs could be used to empower female university students in their stance against Gender-based Violence (GbV). The project was evaluated during four months of field work in Irbid, Jordan. During these four months the women participating in the project were interviewed and a focus group discussion was organized. The women, participating in the project as participants and as researchers, were asked during these interviews what empowerment meant for them, how they had experienced the GRACE-network project, if they felt empowered because of their participation in the GRACE-network project and how their stance against GbV was influenced.

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Torri Superiore Ecovillage: resisting the abandonment of rural marginal areas in Italy

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 MSc-thesis by Alberto Giani

Modernization of agriculture has clearly shown not to be a viable solution for marginalized areas, while a mix of retro-innovation, fantasy and passion is showing a possible novel way forward for the re-utilization of abandoned areas and the revitalization of its socio-economic life.

Torri Superiore Ecovillage is such as case, that I studied in my MSc-thesis (click here for my full thesis report), part of my Master Organic Agriculture in Wageningen Univesity.

Torri Superiore Ecovillage can be defined as a bounded space re-created by in-migrants (new-rurals) that came and establish their lives in a place out from the mainstream society, utilizing external resources (both human resources and capital) and skills to revitalize through a neo-endogenous process the economic potential of a semi-abandoned low productive rural area.

Agriculture in a marginal area can rarely be a remunerative activity. In particular if an area has been abandoned for years and offers no opportunity for mechanization. Making a living in agriculture thus demands a break with the mainstream perspective on agricultural production. A capitalistic approach to land use, based on the integration in markets, is barely impossible in these areas. However from a different rural development approach still work can be created in the production of quality food remunerating a little salary to built a decent life, allowing people to live as much as possible in harmony with the environment without depleting it from its natural resources. Patrimonialization, broadening, deepening, re-grounding, creating local outlets are all strategies that can stimulate the rebirth of a local nested economy embedded in the territory, as is the case in Torri Superiore Ecovillage. This case represents a positive experiment in the restoration of economic efficiency in a marginal rural area.

Current policies discourses do stress the importance of creating proper conditions to make people stay in or return to marginal areas, but in practice the cost of the land, the bureaucracy and the taxes make it almost impossible for anybody to stay in marginal rural areas or for people without any experiences (so called new-rurals) to return to these areas.

Guest lectures on ‘A global sense of place’

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In the context of the new Capita Selecta course ‘A global sense of place’ several guest lectures are organized by the Rural Sociology Group. These lectures are open for all students, PhD’s and staff members. Coming up are the following events, please join! More information: lummina.horlings@wur.nl.

Monday May 23th (15.30-17.00, room C63): Will Day.

Will Day is a PhD candidate in Harvard University’s dual PhD program in Middle Eastern Studies and Social Anthropology. His main interests are in economic and political anthropology, Marxist thought and its legacy in anthropology, urbanization and urban political economies defined by displacement and dispossession, and political geography and political ecology. He has carried out two years of ethnographic fieldwork in Diyarbakir, Turkey (June 2007-June 2009). His dissertation is focused on urban livelihoods and cultural politics in Diyarbakir the wake of massive state counterinsurgency campaigns that led to the displacement and dispossession of, very likely, well over 1,000,000 rural Kurds. He is interested in how family histories of rural displacement and dispossession and subsequent urban realities of mass unemployment have resulting in the transformation of not only the practices of work, but also the meaning of productivity, work, and masculinity, wealth, value, masculinity, and, ultimately, political belonging and citizenship and the imagination of political futures in this space of rapid and radical political economic transformations.
Content of the lecture: Will Day will talk about urban development in a place in Turkey. He will focus on ”political economy and urban livelihoods in the city through the lens of Massey’s concepts about thinking spatially which might help to clarify what it means to think of a space (a city, a village, etc) as less a fixed, stable entity and more a temporary, contingent crystallization of dynamic processes that link localities to wider geographies and relations of political community, economic life, and cultural imagination”.

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Grondhouding en strategie van boeren leidend bij inspelen op vergroening van GLB

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MSc-thesis Elisa de Lijster

In mijn onderzoek heb ik gekeken in hoeverre opvattingen en grondhoudingen van melkveehouders aangaande bedrijfsvoering en natuur & het landschap richtinggevend zijn voor de wijze waarop ze zullen inspelen op de aanstaande hervorming van het Gemeenschappelijk Landbouwbeleid (GLB). Door een vergroening van het GLB krijgen boeren de mogelijkheid om publieke diensten leveren op het gebied van klimaat, water, dierenwelzijn, natuur, milieu en landschap. De vraag is dus of en hoe boeren daarop in zullen spelen.

Drie landschapsbeelden die ik in mijn onderzoek heb gebruiktIk heb mijn onderzoek verricht in Noordoost Overijssel, tussen een – door het beleid voorgestelde begrenzing – ‘Maatschappelijk Waardevol Gebied’ (MWG): het  Nationale Landschap Noordoost Twente (NOT) en een gebied daaraan grenzend. In beide gebieden heb ik tien melkveehouders geïnterviewd.  De inkomenssteun per ha vanuit het GLB ligt in dit gebied ver boven het landelijk gemiddelde. Een verlaging of herverdeling van de huidige inkomenssteun kan dus grote gevolgen hebben.

Op basis van mijn onderzoek (klik hier voor mijn complete Msc-thesis) maak ik onderscheid tussen twee uiteenlopende grondhoudingen en daarmee samenhangende ontwikkelingspatronen. Sommige boeren zijn meer productiegericht, andere meer omgevingsgericht. Uit mijn onderzoek blijkt dat zij andere keuzes maken als het gaat om het uit voeren van maatschappelijke waardevolle diensten en de manier waarop ze denken in te spelen op de toekomstige verandering in het GLB.

Productiegerichte boeren richten zich op het behalen van een maximale productie/ha, waarbij de natuur vooral een instrumentele waarde heeft. Deze boeren pakken eerder diensten op die positief interfereren met hun gewenste bedrijfsontwikkeling. Dat zijn veelal diensten op het gebied van klimaat, water en bodem en een verdere verduurzaming van hun landbouwpraktijk via innovatieve technieken. Diensten gericht op natuur of landschap passen hier niet in, wat dus op gespannen voet staat met de beoogde beleidsambitie.

De omgevingsgerichte boeren leggen zich meer toe op het integreren van natuur en landbouwbeoefening en beogen een balans met de omgeving. De intrinsieke waarde van natuur wordt meer gewaardeerd. De voorgestelde maatschappelijk waardevolle diensten worden sneller door deze boeren opgepakt aangezien deze overeenkomen met hun ontwikkelingsvisie en grondhouding.

Beide ontwikkelingspatronen kunnen zowel binnen en buiten het MWG NOT gevonden worden, wat een relevante observatie is voor de beoogde doelstellingen vanuit het beleid. Uit dit onderzoek komt naar voren dat sommige beleidsambities overeen komen met die van de boeren in Noordoost Overijssel en andere minder. In het kader van de aanstaande GLB hervorming, valt op dat alle boeren hun bedrijf wensen voort te zetten in lijn met hun gewenste ontwikkelingsrichting en dat het beoogde beleidsplan hierdoor een polariserende werking in de landbouwstructuur zal hebben.